28 Mar

The Hepatitis A Outbreak

Hepatitis A: What is it and how does it spread?

Hepatitis A is a contagious liver infection that can cause substantial liver damage.

It is transmitted through an infected person’s faeces—when someone with Hepatitis A fails to properly wash their hands after using the bathroom, the faeces can be transferred to objects that are then handled by others. Those that come into contact with these objects unintentionally swallow the virus and get afflicted.

What are the Hepatitis A symptoms?

Some persons with Hepatitis A have modest symptoms, while others may have a more serious reaction to the infection. Symptoms can persist anywhere from a few weeks to months. It’s recommended to see a Gastroenterologist be examined if you’re having any of these symptoms.

  • Fatigue
  • Nausea and vomiting occur suddenly.
  • Pain or discomfort in the abdomen, particularly in the upper right quadrant
  • beneath your lower ribs on one side (by your liver)
  • Bowel motions that are clay-coloured
  • Appetite loss.
  • Fever of a low intensity
  • Urine that is dark in colour
  • Joint discomfort
  • Your skin and the whites of your eyes are turning yellow (jaundice)

How to Avoid Getting Infected
Wash your hands after using the restroom and after being out and about to maintain healthy hygiene. All fresh vegetables should be well peeled and washed, and raw or undercooked meats and seafood should be avoided.

Please check our blog frequently for more information on health-related topics and gastroenterology.

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07 Oct

What is NASH and how serious it is?

NASH (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis) is a disease in which fat accumulates in the liver, causing inflammation and damage. This liver problem, which is a type of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), can cause scarring and serious disorders including liver cirrhosis. For NASH and other liver disorders, our gastroenterologist in Pune provides diagnostic services as well as individualized care. Continue reading this page for more information about this liver condition and how it might be treated, and then make an appointment with our doctor.
What elements play a role in NASH?
The liver is an important organ that aids in digestion and the removal of body waste. Scar tissue and cirrhosis can develop when the liver is severely damaged, necessitating intensive care and therapy. The following health factors can increase your risk of getting nonalcoholic steatohepatitis:
• Being overweight is a problem.
• Diabetic problems
• Cholesterol levels are high.
• Metabolic syndrome is a condition in which the body’s metabolism
• Apnea (sleep deprivation)
• Hypothyroidism
NASH is a disease that causes fatigue, nausea, jaundice, easy bleeding, telangiectasia (spider veins), and fluid retention, among other symptoms. Our Gastroenterologist Doctor in Pune may do blood tests, assess your symptoms, and use state-of-the-art imaging technologies, including Fibro Scan®, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), and ultrasound technology, to detect fat content in the liver in order to prevent the condition from progressing. Our team will be able to build a treatment programme that is tailored to your medical needs thanks to these diagnostic services.
What are the stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as they progress?
Simple fatty liver disease (also known as liver steatosis), NASH (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis), fibrosis, and cirrhosis are the four phases of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Most people with uncomplicated fatty liver disease have no evident symptoms in the early stages of the disease and are often unaware that they have it. The next stage of the condition, NASH, is more serious, as it causes liver inflammation, which may be accompanied by slight discomfort in the upper abdomen. If the disease has progressed to this point, the liver has been damaged.
How is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis managed?
Implementing better lifestyle modifications is the most important aspect of addressing nonalcoholic hepatitis. You can dramatically reduce the effects of NASH by eating well, exercising regularly, and managing underlying medical diseases like diabetes or hypothyroidism. Additionally, avoiding some supplements, alcohol, and certain drugs can help to lessen the long-term effects of this illness on your liver and overall health. Our Gastroenterologist can advise you on ways to lower your risk of developing NASH and slow the progression of liver damage. Our practitioners Endeavour to provide customized care to every client who comes to Gadhikar Clinic, ensuring that each patient receives a detailed treatment plan tailored to their specific health needs.
Find the care you need for NASH
Our gastroenterologists in Pune strive to assist patients in preventing the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and allowing them to live a long and healthy life. Because the liver plays such a vital part in your digestive system, our liver specialists advise you to get treatment for any form of the liver problem as soon as possible. Contact Gadhikar Clinic to book an appointment with a GI doctor and to learn more about NASH and how you may help to prevent the illness from worsening your health.

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31 Aug

The Secret of 5 Exercises that aid in Optimal Digestive Health

Regardless of whether you’re living with a constant stomach-related issue or hoping to propel yourself further with regards to keeping an ideal degree of stomach-related wellbeing and working, it takes something other than food utilization to get you there. Through dynamic and reliable exercise you can work on your stomach-related framework, help in generally speaking stomach-related capacity, dispose of poisons from your gut and keep up with solid by and large bodyweight. Assuming you are discovering Gastroenterology Clinic in Pune, visit https://www.gadhikarclinic.com/
Here are our main 5 picks for activities to help with generally certain stomach-related wellbeing.

1. Walking
Walking is perhaps the best all-around exercise for ideal wellbeing. Walking is an awesome method to incorporate exercise into your regular routine. Through strolling, your stomach-related framework is enacted into development. This development invigorates your gastrointestinal system to contract, permitting the section of food and waste through your digestive organs. This makes for more normal defecations and less gas and swelling all through your gastrointestinal lot. Focus on 20 to 30 minutes of strolling 3to 5 times each week to begin.

2. Trekking
Trekking is perhaps the best approach to move assimilation along in your body. It is an activity that guarantees the speedy development of food through your gastrointestinal system. Trekking can likewise assist with decreasing the water that is lost in your stools which, thusly, works on general assimilation. Add in trekking to your cardiovascular exercise two or three times each week as taught by your primary care physician. Dr.Harshal Gadhikar is one of the best Gastroenterologist Doctors in Pune.

3. Yoga
Yoga is an inside and out incredible exercise for your whole self. Postures like descending canine, boat, youngster’s posture, up canine, and triangle have all been demonstrated to focus on ideal processing. These postures, when done effectively and after some time, can expand center strength and assist with loosening up the muscles of the mid-region, prompting better gut wellbeing. There are immediate ties between rehearsing yoga and the decrease in indications brought about by indigestion, swelling, and stress, which is one more huge factor in GI issues.

4. Situps or Crunches
The stomach works out, as situps or crunches, assist with keeping your muscular strength moving. This prompts less bulge and gas to develop around there. Mean to incorporate a center exercise into your day-by-day schedule 4-5 times each week. Start with 8 to 10 redundancies and develop from that point depends on your solace level and actual capacities. It is ideal to do stomach practices on an unfilled stomach and abstain from practicing straightforwardly subsequent to eating.

5. Pelvic Floor Activation
To practice your pelvic floor muscles, press and attract the muscles around your butt (and vagina for ladies) so they feel like you are lifting them in a vertical movement. Inhale gradually in through your noses and out through your mouth as you crush and unwind. After some time, this will assist with fixing your pelvic floor muscles which will assist with bladder control and defecations. This is an extraordinary exercise for individuals who experience gut control issues.

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15 Feb

Tips to keep your liver healthy

Liver is vital organ of human body that plays important role in digesting food, cleaning blood, maintaining metabolism and blood sugar levels. Therefore we must take care of it and should not overstress our liver. Here are 5 important tips to keep your liver healthy.

Follow a Liver-Friendly Diet:

To keep your liver healthy include following in your daily diet:

Beetroots & Carrots: For preventing carcinogens injuries.
Lemons: For protecting the liver from toxication. For best benefits drink warm lemon water regularly in the morning.
Apples and Leafy Vegetables: Apples are your livers best friend. They help protect you against fatty liver issues. Spinach, collard greens, Broccoli and Brussels sprouts are also great for a healthy liver.

Exercise Regularly:

Regular exercise is key to keep your liver healthy and active. Do morning walks and evening strolls daily.

Limit your Alcohol and Caffeine Intake:

Excess alcohol damages your liver badly. Hence it would be better if you can avoid it completely or take it to a moderate level. A small amount of coffee helps to keep your liver healthy. But don’t take it with much sugar or cream. Today studies suggest coffee addiction as a key cause of many liver complications.

Quit Smoking for Good:

Smoking damages your liver beyond repairs. It can cause lung or pancreatic cancer too. Therefore stop smoking completely for a healthy life.

Drink A Lot of Water:

Keep your body hydrated to prevent toxin attacks on your liver. Also, dehydration can make our blood thicker which will be difficult for the liver to clean and detox.

In addition to the above, there are a number of other things that you must be equally careful about like liver diseases like hepatitis B or C. Keep a check on your stress levels as well as staying away from false advertising and claims about medications and herbs.

A healthy liver makes a healthy body but if there are symptoms like yellowish eyes/skin, fatigue, appetite loss, Itchy skin, swelling it is time to visit the best gastroenterologist near you.

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21 Nov

7 Tips that will help you to keep your digestive system healthy

Now a days due to sedentary lifestyle, most of the people eat unhealthy and unhygienic food which leads to gastroenterology related problems. Many times people ignore these problems. But these small problems can be indication of something very serious. Here are few tips that will help you to maintain your digestive system healthy.

  1. Include fibre-Rich food in your diet

Fibre makes food easier to keep moving through digestive track and hence prevents constipation. Including fibre rich food to your diet is easiest way to improve your digestion. You should include both soluble and insoluble types of fibre as both are important for healthy diet.

You can get soluble fibres from beans, citrus fruits, peas, barley and oats. Good sources of insoluble fibre include whole-wheat foods, root vegetables like potato and carrots, pulses, nuts and edible seeds.

  1. Limit Intakes of Fatty Foods

Fats are hard to digest and hence remains as it is in digestive track for longer time. It has adverse effect on your digestive health. Saturated and trans fatty acids also raise the cholesterol levels in the body and may put you at risk of heart disease in the future. But consumption of small amount of fatty acids is necessary to aid the process of digestion. For example unsaturated fats helps to smoothen your bowel movement. Make sure that you should eat 60 to 70 grams of unsaturated fats daily. Lean meat, fish, walnuts and plant oils like olive oil are good sources of unsaturated fats. Also include small junk food, cookies, and other greasy foods as a source of saturated and trans fats to your diet.

  1. Chew Your Food Properly

Chewing food well is most simplest but effective tip to keep your digestive system healthy. Many people do not does not focus on chewing food properly whenever they eat. If food is not chewed properly, stomach has to work harder to convert the food into liquid mixtures. Saliva plays important role to convert these mixtures into fluid. If food is properly chewed then you produce more saliva which helps for digestion.

Also, if the food is break down in mouth itself, it becomes easy for the digestive enzymes to absorb nutrients from the food. Therefore chewing food properly is a healthy step to keep your digestion smooth.

  1. Incorporate Probiotics in Your Diet

There are good as well as bad bacteria that keep our digestive system functioning. If the balance of good bacteria and bad bacteria is improper then you may have to face problems like diarrhoea. Therefore to keep this balance moderate levels of probiotics consumption are advised.

Probiotics are the good, beneficial bacteria that counter or prevent the increasing bad bacteria in your gut and improve your overall digestive health. Probiotics are available in sufficient amount in fermented foods and yogurts. Or you can get advise of doctor who can prescribe probiotic supplements that you can consume in the capsule form.

  1. Keep yourself hydrated

Water is essential for a smooth digestive system. If water is not drunk in sufficient amount then stools become harder and you may have to suffer from constipation because of that. Therefore drink at least 2.5 litres of water every day. If you stay in a warm environment or sweat a lot, drink at least 3 litres water a day.

The Bottom Line

If you follow above tips along with regular exercise then it will significantly help to maintain your digestive system health. Do not ignore any digestive issues.

If you suffer any abnormality related to the digestive system, it is highly recommended to visit to a good gastroenterologist near you who can help you consult you with right diagnosis and treatment.

Dr. Harshal Gadhikar is one of the most experienced gastroenterologists in Pune to offer high quality and comprehensive health services for all kinds of gastroenterology ailments. With state-of-the-art medical equipments and latest facilities, Gadhikar Clinic is dedicated to deliver complete, accurate and thorough care to all its patients of gastroenterology.

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30 Jan

Esophageal stricture and it’s treatment

Throat tightness is very much familiar for many people which causes uncomfortable, pain and even frightening feeling. Sometimes this tightness is for short time and hence may be recognized as anxiety or an allergic reaction. But persistent tightness which get worsen with time may be due to esophageal stricture. Not only tightness but person may feel pain in underlying tissue also. Gastroesophageal reflux or GERD can harm to esophageal tissue over time which can result in a scar and person may feel difficulty in swallowing.

Let’s take a look at common tests that are used to diagnose esophageal stricture :

Diagnosing Esophageal Stricture

  • Barium Swallow – After swallowing barium, x-rays are taken to show the narrowing of the esophagus
  • Endoscopy – A thin scope with light and camera, known as an endoscope, is guided into the esophagus in order to visualize the narrowing.  This procedure is generally performed under a sedative and local anesthetic.

Treating Esophageal Stricture

  • Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) – PPI is used to treat GERD. By alleviating the symptoms of GERD, they are thereby able to reduce the pain, inflammation, and irritation in the throat.
  • Dilation – In this procedure, the esophagus is dilated through weighted dilator that is passed through the mouth and into the esophagus.  This treatment is typically performed by giving local anesthetic.  If stricture pain is severe then it is performed for multiple times.
  • Surgery – Surgery may be recommended by the gastroenterologist. In rare cases in which the stricture cannot be adequately dilated or strictures continue to return after repeated dilations, surgical treatment may be necessary.

Prognosis is very important after treatment. Some patients may require subsequent treatment, but most patients can resume to their normal diet and routine.

It is possible to prevent the initial development of esophageal strictures by using caution to avoid the accidental ingestion of corrosive substances. If you suffer from frequent or prolonged heartburn, see a gastroenterologist doctor for diagnosis and treatment of GERD.  If the appropriate steps are taken to prevent esophageal stricture or to treat it once it occurs, the condition should have minimal impact.

If you feel difficulty swallowing and inflammation or irritation of the throat, it may be time to speak with a gastroenterology specialist about the possibility of esophageal stricture.

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20 Dec

All you need to know about ERCP procedure

What is ECRP?

ERCP is procedure that allow gastroenterologist doctors to examine pancreatic and bile ducts. ERCP is a flexible, lightweight tube (endoscope) having thickness of index finger which can be inserted through mouth and into your stomach and first part of the small intestine (duodenum). In the small intestine there are 2 small openings ampulla and cannula through which tube is inserted. Then dye (contrast material) is injected into the area and X-rays are taken in order to study the ducts of the pancreas and liver.

Why is an ERCP performed?

ERCP is very useful to examine and treat the conditions of pancreas or bile ducts. It is very useful to diagnose symptoms of diseases and abnormalities in these organs that includes abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice (yellowing of the skin), or an ultrasound or CT scan that shows stones or a mass in these organs.

ERCP is also useful the post-operative performance of gallbladder surgery, diagnose and remove bile duct stones, diagnose and treat cancerous and noncancerous tumours.

ECRP is also used to determine, whether surgery is required aor not for suspected or known pancreatic disease and pancreatic stones can also be removed by it.

What precaution is required before ERCP?

  • Person should not eat anything apprx. 8 hours before the examination.
  • Person should discuss with doctor about his/her current medication.
  • Also discuss about allergies if any.
  • Also, inform about diseases like heart or lung disease as it may require special care while performing procedure.


What can be expected during the ERCP?

Local anaesthetia is used before procedure to numb your throat and prevent gagging. Doctor also give some medications to feel relax during procedure. Then person is allowed to lying down in comfortable position an X-ray table and endoscope is passed through mouth down to esophagus, and into stomach and duodenum.

Usually the procedure lasts for 1 hour but time may vary depending on planned intervention. Note that endoscope does not interfere with breathing. Person may feel temporarily bloated during and after the procedure due to the air used to inflate the duodenum.

What happens after ERCP?

Once the process is done, physician will inform about test results on the same day. Biopsy results may take few days. Person is kept under observation for 1-2 hours

You will be monitored in the endoscopy area for 1-2 hours until the effects of the sedatives have worn off. Person may feel sore for 1-2 day in throat area. He/she can resume diet and take routine medication after you leave the endoscopy area, unless otherwise instructed.

What complications can occur?

ERCP is absolutely safe if performed by well experienced and trained endoscopic physician. Usually there are no complications, however, they can occur like pancreatitis due to irritation of the pancreatic duct by the X-ray contrast material or cannula. A reaction due to the sedatives may occur. Irritation in vein in which medications were given. Slight bleeding may occur during surgery.

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09 Dec

Get answered to all your questions about acid reflux

Acid reflux and heartburn are the most common complaints that people are facing these days.  Most people understand that the burning sensation of reflux directly results result into acid.  However, there are many other questions about acid reflux which are still not clear. Here is the list of common questions and their answers about acid reflux, that you should know: 

What is the difference between heartburn and acid reflux disease?

Heartburn is very common and is experienced by most of the people. If a person has acid reflux or heartburn more than twice a week it is called as acid reflux disease, which is also known as gastroesophageal disease or GERD.

What causes acid reflux disease?

Acid reflux occurs due to improper functioning of sphincter at the bottom of the esophagus like failing to close properly, opening at the wrong time. It may be due to LES is weaker than it should be. The disease can also be caused due to hiatal hernia. In this type of hernia, part of the stomach moves so that it is above the diaphragm. Obesity or overweight increases the risk of hiatal hernia and GERD.

How does diet affect acid reflux disease?

Acid reflux is often made worse by the following types of food.

  • Foods that are high in fat
  • Acidic foods like tomatoes and citrus fruits
  • Spicy foods
  • Peppermint (mint relaxes the LES)
  • Alcohol
  • Caffeine
  • Chocolate

Avoid above foods to reduce the risk of acid reflux. Eat small, frequent meals, and do not eat 3 hours before you go to bed. Lying down after eating makes it easier for digestive juices to escape the stomach.

What medications can I use to treat acid reflux disease?

Antacids like calcium carbonate tablets (Tums) is recommended to reduce risk of acid reflux. Antacids helps to neutralize the acid level so it is less irritating to the esophagus. However, this is a temporary solution.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) medicine reduces the acid level produced by stomach. You can take small dosages of some PPIs without any prescription. Gastroenterologist often prescribe a higher dosage and may tell you to take the tablets on a regular basis.

Is there any side effects of medications for acid reflux?

Antacids contains either calcium or magnesium salts. Calcium can cause constipation and magnesium can cause diarrhoea. Therefore, taking an antacid containing both calcium and magnesium can help to prevent these side effects. Usually there are no side effect but people may feel nausea, headaches, constipation or diarrhoea.

If you are suffering from acid reflux, visit Gadhikar Clinic. The skilled  gastroenterologist, Dr. Harshal Gadhikar provides effective treatment for acid reflux.

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21 Nov

Things That Diabetes Patients Should Know About Liver Disease

As the diabetes causes due to damage of pancreas, there is a connection between diabetes and the pancreas. But you may wonder how the liver fits into this equation? Here is the answer to your question.

Diabetes increases the risk of kidney disease, nerve damage, blood vessel damage, infections, blindness and heart disease, but you may not realize diabetes can have profound effects on the liver as well.

It has been observed that, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects up to one-third of the entire adult population in industrialized countries. Person with type-2 diabetes is at more risk of having NAFLD. NAFLD is a broad term that includes several subtypes of liver diseases and clinically distinct conditions, like fatty liver and more serious steatohepatitis (NASH), with or without fibrosis (scarring), that can progress to liver cirrhosis and, in a few cases, to liver cancer. A liver biopsy may be recommended by liver specialists when blood tests for liver function are repeatedly and chronically elevated (e.g., for 6 months) and all other evaluations for the cause of the elevations are inconclusive.

Dr. Harshal Ghadikar 16th April  FM Intervies

So What Is All The Fuss About?

With the increasing heart disease in those with diabetes patients, the liver problems are also increasing. And it is almost twice as high as having cardiovascular disease! Patients with diabetes have an increased incidence of severe fibrosis (thickening and scarring of connective tissue). Study also shows that, cirrhosis accounted for 12.5 percent of deaths in patients with diabetes. Cryptogenic cirrhosis in those with diabetes is also caused by NAFLD and is now the 3rd leading reason for liver transplantation.

A patient’s prognosis worsens with each stage of liver disease. But, not everyone’s liver disease progresses. Liver biopsy is used to determine the liver disease progression.

What Is Known About Possible Treatments?

Many studies say that the weight loss decreases liver fat and hence most recommended treatment. Low-glycemic, low-calorie diets with a weight loss of 2.2 – 4.4 pounds (1 to 2 kilograms) per week has been recommended. Low-fat diets should be avoided. Some experts suggest a Mediterranean diet (defined as high in complex carbohydrates or starches, high in monounsaturated fats – i.e., oils, moderate amounts of wine, and low amounts of red meat) is preferred in individuals with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD. Also alcohol consumption should be strongly avoided not only because of its toxic effects on the liver, but also because of its high calorie content. Daily exercise improves insulin action for everyone. Some medications are also used for the treatment of diabetes can also be beneficial for the liver.

Take-Home Message:

You’re now armed with the knowledge necessary to help take care of your liver and prevent diabetes related complications from affecting this vital organ. So, take a  steps towards healthy life and lose weight, improve your diet, limit or avoid alcohol consumption and follow your doctor’s recommendations for controlling other conditions as well.

If you are diabetes patient and worried about risk of liver disease contact immediately to Gadhikar Clinic. Dr. Harshal Gadhikar is experienced liver specialist, gastroenterologist at Gadhikar Clinic. He has treated many patients with complex liver diseases.

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11 Nov

13 General Precautions for Optimal Liver Health

Here are some useful tips for Optimal Liver Health

1.Maintain a healthy weight : It is observed that, obese people are at more risk of fatty liver that can lead to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which one of the fastest growing liver disease these days. Therefore always maintain healthy weight. Weight loss programs can help to reduce liver fat.

Dr. Harshal Gadhikar interview about tips for liver health

precautions for optimal liver health2. Eat a balanced diet : For healthy liver try to avoid high calorie-meals, saturated fat, refined carbohydrates (such as white bread, white rice and regular pasta) and sugars. Also don’t eat raw or undercooked shellfish. For a well-balanced diet, eat fiber, which you will easily get in fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grain breads, rice and cereals. Also eat meat(but limit the amount of red meat), dairy products (low-fat milk and small amounts of cheese) and fats (like monounsaturated and polyunsaturated such as vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and fish). Also drink adequate water.

3. Exercise regularly: Exercise is very important for healthy life: Daily exercising helps to burn triglycerides for fuel and can also reduce liver fat.

4. Avoid toxins: Direct contact with toxins can injure liver cells. Therefore, avoid contact with toxins from cleaning and aerosol products, insecticides, chemicals, and additives. When you do use aerosols, make sure the room is ventilated, and wear a mask. Don’t smoke.

5. Avoid over intake of alcoholic beverages : Alcoholic beverages can spoil your health. They may harm liver cells and scar your liver. Consult a gastroenterology doctor about what amount of alcohol is right for you. He can give advice to drink alcohol only in moderation or to quit completely depending on severity of disease.

6. Avoid the use of illicit drugs: Illicit drugs like marijuana/hashish, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants are very injurious to health. Person should always avoid consumption this type of drugs. Also avoid prescription-type psychotherapeutics (pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, and sedatives) used non-medically.

7. Avoid contact with contaminated needles: Of course, dirty needles aren’t only associated with intravenous drug use. You must consult medical practitioner and seek testing for skin penetration involving sharp instruments or needles. Use only clean needles for tattoos making and body piercings.

8. Be careful while you exposed to blood: If due to some reason you come into contact with someone else’s blood, immediately contact your doctor.

9. Don’t share personal hygiene items : Don’t share razors, toothbrushes and nail cutters as they can carry microscopic levels of blood or other body fluids that may be contaminated.

10. Practice safe sex.If person do unprotected sex or sex with multiple partners, he is at risk of hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Therefore, always be careful while doing sex.

11. Wash your hands.Use soap and warm water immediately after using the bathroom, when you have changed a diaper, and before preparing or eating food.

12. Follow directions on all medications: Wrong medication can harm your liver. Never take alcohol with drugs and medications. Also tell your doctor about any other medicines, supplements, and natural or herbal remedies that you are using.

13. Get vaccinated: Vaccination is best way to reduce your risk of liver diseases. There are vaccines available for hepatitis A and hepatitis B virus. But, there’s no vaccine available against the hepatitis C virus.

 

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